Pinealon

Pinealon is a three-residue peptide (Glu-Asp-Arg) in the group of short peptides called bioregulators. It is supplied for laboratory research on peptide effects at the cellular level.

Research applications

Pinealon is used in cell-culture and rodent studies of oxidative stress, cell viability and cell-cycle markers. Researchers also use it to examine gene-expression changes in neural and skin-cell cultures. Other work looks at caspase-3 activity and irisin expression. These are laboratory research uses.

Pathway and mechanistic context

Pinealon is not reported to bind a classic cell-surface receptor. Published work in HeLa cells describes short peptides entering the cell and nucleus and interacting with DNA, which points to effects on gene expression. Studies also report changes in cell-cycle markers, reactive oxygen species, caspase-3 activity and serotonin-pathway expression in cultured cells.

Preclinical summary

Studies in rats have examined pinealon in oxidative-stress and hypoxia models, with readouts such as reactive oxygen species and cell death in neurons. Cell-culture work looked at skin cells from young and old rats and at cortical cells. These are laboratory and animal-model findings only.

Form and analytical testing

Supplied as a lyophilized powder. Identity and purity are normally confirmed by HPLC and mass spectrometry. Refer to the Certificate of Analysis for the lot you receive.

References

1. L. I. Fedoreyeva, I. I. Kireev, V. K. Khavinson, and B. F. Vanyushin, "Penetration of short fluorescence-labeled peptides into the nucleus in HeLa cells and in vitro specific interaction of the peptides with deoxyribooligonucleotides and DNA," Biochem. Biokhimiia, vol. 76, no. 11, pp. 1210–1219, Nov. 2011. Source
2. V. K. Khavinson, B. I. Kuznik, S. I. Tarnovskaya, and N. S. Lin'kova, "Short Peptides and Telomere Length Regulator Hormone Irisin," Bull. Exp. Biol. Med., vol. 160, no. 3, pp. 347–349, Jan. 2016. Source
3. A. Arutjunyan, L. Kozina, S. Stvolinskiy, Y. Bulygina, A. Mashkina, and V. Khavinson, "Pinealon protects the rat offspring from prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia," Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 179–185, 2012. Source
4. V. Khavinson et al., "Pinealon increases cell viability by suppression of free radical levels and activating proliferative processes," Rejuvenation Res., vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 535–541, Oct. 2011. Source
5. V. K. Khavinson, N. S. Lin'kova, S. I. Tarnovskaya, R. S. Umnov, E. V. Elashkina, and A. O. Durnova, "Short peptides stimulate serotonin expression in cells of brain cortex," Bull. Exp. Biol. Med., vol. 157, no. 1, pp. 77–80, May 2014. Source
6. M. A. Voicekhovskaya, N. I. Chalisova, E. A. Kontsevaya, and G. A. Ryzhak, "Effect of bioregulatory tripeptides on the culture of skin cells from young and old rats," Bull. Exp. Biol. Med., vol. 152, no. 3, pp. 357–359, Jan. 2012. Source

Peptides are shipped lyophilized (freeze-dried), a state that keeps them stable in transit. Keep vials cold and away from light on arrival.

• Short term: refrigeration below 4°C (39°F) is generally suitable for lyophilized material held for days to months.
• Long term: a freezer at -80°C (-112°F) is preferred for storage over several months or years.
• After reconstitution: keep the vial refrigerated. Reconstituted material is generally kept for up to 30 days.